Forgotten Technology: Damascus Steel

The protoscience that we know as alchemy—the admixture of various substances with the purpose of producing a new substance with different properties—made its way to Europe by way of the Arab world. The Arabs acquired their knowledge of alchemy in their conquest of Persia. And the Persian learned it from their neighbors to the south in India. It was never a secret to the nations of the classical world that the very best metals came from India. When Alexander the Great conquered the Indus River valley, the vanquished King Porus chose to present to him as tribute not gold or silver, but 30 pounds of Indian steel.

There are several other medications which are responsible of ED in a generic india viagra number of guys such as Antiarrhythmics, Histamine H2-receptor antagonists, Muscle relaxants, Chemotherapy drugs etc. Bile, mucous and air of body are stabilized by Ammonia commander levitra (NH3), which also helps in blood circulation. The standard incorporates 3 classes of products depending upon cialis prescription abacojet.com end use. Do not make it your habit to have these herbal remedies to treat and cure ED. cialis sales It is said that by 300 BC, the Indian civilizations had already perfected the craft of forging steel. They produced an alloy that was very high in carbon called wootz steel. It was very light, very durable and, according to legend, could be honed sharp enough to split a hair the fell across its blade. Throughout the middle ages India shipped ingots of wootz steel to the Middle East where it was forged into formidable weaponry which the European crusaders ruefully termed Damascus steel.

Swords forged from Damascus steel have a distinctive branding pattern resulting from the dissolution of carbides into the ore while under intense heat. A great many Damascus blades still exist today as artifacts, but a new blade has not been forged in over 300 years. The technology for alloying wootz steel and fashioning Damascus blades has been forgotten. It is today a lost secret of the pre-modern world. Metallurgists have attempted to reproduce the technique by analyzing the chemical make-up of surviving samples of Damascus steel and working backwards from there. They have yet to craft an accurate replica. Yet another riddle whose answer the Indian alchemists keep with them in the past.

The Invincible Iron Pillar of Delhi

After his defeat of Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq, Sultan of Delhi, Tamerlane sacked the city and set his men loose to plunder at will. Tamerlane himself reports that the Delhi was burned to the ground and most of its inhabitants taken as slaves. In the distance, to the southwest, Timur would have been able to see the 300-foot tall minaret of he Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque. Of course the mosque, along with all other Islamic temples and households were spared. Tamerlane’s emirs directed their soldiers’ violence toward the majority Hindu population. However, housed in this vast temple was an ancient Hindu relic erected by a long lost civilization. The Sultans of Delhi built their magnificent mosque around the icon, paying it no mind. It had survived countless invasions from foreign armies no less destructive than Tamurlane’s. It had witnessed the city of Delhi be destroyed and rebuilt and destroyed again. It had stood for a thousand exposed to the elements, its temple having long ago crumbled around it, and it would stand for a thousand more untarnished. This was the invincible Iron Pillar of Delhi, the principal dial to the solar calendar of the ancient Gupta civilization. This metal column was first erected in the 4th century AD, positioned perfectly at the Tropic of Cancer. At noon on the day of the summer solstice the pillar cast no shadow. Over the centuries, the Hindu began to identify the pillar as having divine significance and moved it to a special temple outside of Delhi where it stands today and has always stood as the city’s single most enduring symbol.

It increases the blood circulation in the reproductive organs of men and thus makes it powerful and more purchase viagra online effective. The ingredient quickly blends into the blood and reaches the blood to the required organ. cialis canada cheap http://aimhousepatong.com/item8718.html You have to thoroughly study and be prepared for the test to clear it and gain success. tadalafil 20mg no prescription There is also viagra price usa an option for regular products as well then you can again find plenty of dealers situated nearby your place.


Examples of Roman iron working originating from the same era as the Pillar are today either crumbling artifacts or have rusted away completely. The Gupta alchemists forged the Iron Pillar so that it would resist corrosion almost perfectly. The iron alloy of which it is composed has a high phosphorus content which has caused a crystalline layer to form over the pillar’s exterior which protects the iron from oxidization. Modern-day metallurgists are not certain how the alloy would have been made. The belief throughout most of history was simply that the pillar was magical.