Tag: alchemy

The Discredited Dream of Cold Fusion

Most view alchemy as a proto-science and precursor to modern chemistry. Alchemists established a practical set of rules for carrying out reliable experimentation and documenting result. They accurately described the properties of many elements and a great many chemical compounds. But alchemists had no knowledge of quantum physics, or any kind of physics for that matter. They knew nothing about force or mechanics. It would have been beyond them to describe the chemical behavior of materials with any degree of veracity. This has been the traditional view of western science toward its quaint, backward ancestor. Be that as it may, there are fields of contemporary science in which alchemy is still practiced, it’s just that it isn’t called that. High velocity particle colliders, for example, force atoms or parts of atoms to coalesce under intense pressure, thus resulting in a new material. For a while during the 20th century, materials engineers experimented with converting platinum to gold, and to some extent succeeded. At a fundamental level, the exploration of nuclear fusion is an alchemical enterprise wherein the isotope of one element—typically hydrogen—is combined with another to create a new substance—helium.

Irwig determined that further study is required to the effect on viagra soft 100mg relationship. Include in your diet plenty of egg, figs, bananas, avocados, chocolates, abacojet.com cheap discount viagra buffalo milk, buffalo curds, wine, garlic, Aloe vera juice, and pomegranate. It had been a matter of concern for the HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) as losses are incurred to the government. click here now generic levitra online Besides this medicine, a few names that have been nominated in the list are ordering viagra online , Caverta, Silagra, Aurogra, Super P Force, Eriacta etc. The history of nuclear fusion is no less mysterious and beguiling than medieval alchemy. Scientists have long been able to trigger atomic fusion with tremendous amounts of energy, usually caused by a nuclear chain reaction initiated by splitting an atom. In 1989, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann reported that they had managed to effect a fusion event in low energy conditions, a process termed cold fusion. In a modest tabletop experiment, which the two electrochemists built and paid for themselves, they energized a pool of heavy water on the surface of a palladium electrode. They claimed a reaction occurred which produced a small but significant amount of excess heat that lasted for several days after the initial reaction. Pons and Fleishmann had essentially created energy from almost nothing. The commercial implications were staggering. Announcement of their result ignited a frenzy of interest both in the scientific community and in popular media. Laboratories around the world scrambled to reproduce the experiment. The first groups to report back validated the results and confirmed that they too were able to produce excess heat and neutron production. In April of 1989 it appeared that all of human life was about to change. Energy would be free and easy to produce. The most basic and inexorable stricture placed on our common existence was about to be lifted. The potential was boundless. But after these first positive corroborations from Texas A&M and Georgia Institute of Technology, there followed an avalanche of European labs that failed to reproduce Pons and Fleischmann’s results. Georgia Tech retracted their findings just a week after publishing. By the end of the year, dozens of labs had performed the Pons-Fleishmann experiment and not one was able to produce excess heat. The experiment was deemed invalid by the scientific establishment and most scientists lost interest. However, for commercial and governmental entities cold fusion was too tantalizing to abandon. Toyota hired Pons and Fleishmann to lead their IMRA lab and continue their investigations into cold fusion. The state of Utah invested $4.5 million to create the National Cold Fusion Institute. Within a couple of years both initiatives were discontinued without having produced any tangible results.

In the 20 years since Pons and Fleishmann’s paper, governments and institutions have continued investing modest sums into cold fusion research. Japan and India have opened and closed and opened again several laboratories devoted to atomic fusion. Film producer Sidney Kimmel recently donated $5.5 million to the University of Missouri for the establishment of the Sidney Kimmel Institute for Nuclear Renaissance to support continued experimentation based on Pons and Fleishmann’s methods. Now and then, amateur scientists avow that they have successfully produced a cold fusion event and struggle to get their work published in peer-reviewed journals. In 2011 an Italian inventor named Andrea Rossi invented a machine which he claims produces heat with cold fusion. Rossi calls his machine the Energy Catalyzer, or E-Cat for short. The Italian government issued him a patent for the device on April 6 of 2011. The scientific community has been encouraging of Rossi’s innovation, but scientists who have seen the specification that Rossi has provided say that the reactions the device causes are not physically possible. The United States Patent Office receives patent requests routinely for cold fusion machines. As a policy they reject these requests on the grounds that they do not work.

Restorers of Alchemical Manuscripts

Allow me to introduce you to the digital library of the Restorers of Alchemical Manuscripts Society (RAMS). Based out of suburban Dallas, RAMS offers pdf downloads of a number of rare and apparently powerful alchemical texts for the low, low price of 54 American dollars. These manuscripts appear to be lesser works by un-famous magicians of the Renaissance. When it comes to books of alchemy and conjuring, most of the good stuff is owned by libraries and museums, but the texts that RAMS has collected and made available are probably quite useful to present-day practicing alchemists looking for experiments to try out in their garages/laboratories. By far the best text in RAMS’s collection is the Golden Chain of Homer, which is a comprehensive guide to all of the earth’s primary substances, with explanation of their make-up, their alteration and their destruction.

Most RAMS texts appear to have been translated into English from Latin or another continental European languages. One couldn’t really say this alternative expression in another language constitutes a corruption of the work since most of the ideas found in books of alchemy were lifted from other works which themselves were translated into a modern tongues from Arabic or Greek. And it was probably the case that the Arabian alchemists were deriving their methods from Sanskrit texts from India and the Greek from the Egyptians and the Babylonians. For example, two of the most important books of alchemy, the Turba Philosophorum and the Picatrix, were translated from Arabic into Latin around the 12th or 13th century. The Turba Philosophorum is one of the first alchemical texts available to Europeans. It is supposed to contain the wisdom of Pythagoras. In effect, it introduced many of the key themes of alchemy such as transmutation and neoplatonistic doctrine to a European audience. The Picatrix is said to be a guide to symbolistic magic and a comprehensive summation of Arabian sorcery. Both texts are manuscripts sit today in the British Library.

Obese women are three times more likely to die from cardiovascular disease than discount viagra no prescription other patients with heart disease alone; They were at twice the risk to the patient, following are some tips to follow- Post-surgery, as a parent, you must follow all the instructions carefully before using a penile pump. viagra online samples Nowadays there are pretty plenty of means of impotence pharmaceutical treatment. This drug also supports the execution of cyclic GMP to relax the muscle vessels so that blood flow into the penis so that generic cialis cipla when a man is sexually stimulated and can get an erection. He also gathered data regarding the men’s medical cialis brand http://www.4frontimports.com/wines/francois-lurton records, sexual purpose, and alcohol intake before and after using finasteride. Of course, the most mysterious Achemist texts are written in secret languages such as Gematria, Temura, and Notariqon. These were encrypted works that alchemists would draft only for each other to see. We have found instructions for decoding many of these shadow languages, some remain indecipherable. The most famous of these is the Voynich Manuscript. Written in a specialized script and containing confusing illustrations of non-existent flora and fauna, it is the best-known unread book in the world.

Hats off to the Yale’s Beinecke Rare Books Library for having the generosity and wherewithal to digitize this extremely rare book and making it freely available on the web. Perhaps some renegade scholar somewhere will use their lovely manuscript site to crack the Voynich’s code.

Forgotten Technology: Damascus Steel

The protoscience that we know as alchemy—the admixture of various substances with the purpose of producing a new substance with different properties—made its way to Europe by way of the Arab world. The Arabs acquired their knowledge of alchemy in their conquest of Persia. And the Persian learned it from their neighbors to the south in India. It was never a secret to the nations of the classical world that the very best metals came from India. When Alexander the Great conquered the Indus River valley, the vanquished King Porus chose to present to him as tribute not gold or silver, but 30 pounds of Indian steel.

There are several other medications which are responsible of ED in a generic india viagra number of guys such as Antiarrhythmics, Histamine H2-receptor antagonists, Muscle relaxants, Chemotherapy drugs etc. Bile, mucous and air of body are stabilized by Ammonia commander levitra (NH3), which also helps in blood circulation. The standard incorporates 3 classes of products depending upon cialis prescription abacojet.com end use. Do not make it your habit to have these herbal remedies to treat and cure ED. cialis sales It is said that by 300 BC, the Indian civilizations had already perfected the craft of forging steel. They produced an alloy that was very high in carbon called wootz steel. It was very light, very durable and, according to legend, could be honed sharp enough to split a hair the fell across its blade. Throughout the middle ages India shipped ingots of wootz steel to the Middle East where it was forged into formidable weaponry which the European crusaders ruefully termed Damascus steel.

Swords forged from Damascus steel have a distinctive branding pattern resulting from the dissolution of carbides into the ore while under intense heat. A great many Damascus blades still exist today as artifacts, but a new blade has not been forged in over 300 years. The technology for alloying wootz steel and fashioning Damascus blades has been forgotten. It is today a lost secret of the pre-modern world. Metallurgists have attempted to reproduce the technique by analyzing the chemical make-up of surviving samples of Damascus steel and working backwards from there. They have yet to craft an accurate replica. Yet another riddle whose answer the Indian alchemists keep with them in the past.

The Invincible Iron Pillar of Delhi

After his defeat of Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq, Sultan of Delhi, Tamerlane sacked the city and set his men loose to plunder at will. Tamerlane himself reports that the Delhi was burned to the ground and most of its inhabitants taken as slaves. In the distance, to the southwest, Timur would have been able to see the 300-foot tall minaret of he Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque. Of course the mosque, along with all other Islamic temples and households were spared. Tamerlane’s emirs directed their soldiers’ violence toward the majority Hindu population. However, housed in this vast temple was an ancient Hindu relic erected by a long lost civilization. The Sultans of Delhi built their magnificent mosque around the icon, paying it no mind. It had survived countless invasions from foreign armies no less destructive than Tamurlane’s. It had witnessed the city of Delhi be destroyed and rebuilt and destroyed again. It had stood for a thousand exposed to the elements, its temple having long ago crumbled around it, and it would stand for a thousand more untarnished. This was the invincible Iron Pillar of Delhi, the principal dial to the solar calendar of the ancient Gupta civilization. This metal column was first erected in the 4th century AD, positioned perfectly at the Tropic of Cancer. At noon on the day of the summer solstice the pillar cast no shadow. Over the centuries, the Hindu began to identify the pillar as having divine significance and moved it to a special temple outside of Delhi where it stands today and has always stood as the city’s single most enduring symbol.

It increases the blood circulation in the reproductive organs of men and thus makes it powerful and more purchase viagra online effective. The ingredient quickly blends into the blood and reaches the blood to the required organ. cialis canada cheap http://aimhousepatong.com/item8718.html You have to thoroughly study and be prepared for the test to clear it and gain success. tadalafil 20mg no prescription There is also viagra price usa an option for regular products as well then you can again find plenty of dealers situated nearby your place.


Examples of Roman iron working originating from the same era as the Pillar are today either crumbling artifacts or have rusted away completely. The Gupta alchemists forged the Iron Pillar so that it would resist corrosion almost perfectly. The iron alloy of which it is composed has a high phosphorus content which has caused a crystalline layer to form over the pillar’s exterior which protects the iron from oxidization. Modern-day metallurgists are not certain how the alloy would have been made. The belief throughout most of history was simply that the pillar was magical.